Norovirus outbreaks: a systematic review of commonly implicated transmission routes and vehicles
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Environmental determinants of cholera outbreaks in inland Africa: a systematic review of main transmission foci and propagation routes.
Cholera is generally regarded as the prototypical waterborne and environmental disease. In Africa, available studies are scarce, and the relevance of this disease paradigm is questionable. Cholera outbreaks have been repeatedly reported far from the coasts: from 2009 through 2011, three-quarters of all cholera cases in Africa occurred in inland regions. Such outbreaks are either influenced by r...
متن کاملSevere outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review.
BACKGROUND Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis; however, the relative impacts of individual factors underlying severe illness are poorly understood. This report reviews published NoV outbreak reports to quantify hospitalization and mortality rates and assess their relationship with outbreak setting, transmission route, and strain. METHODS Using a string of...
متن کاملDoes spatial proximity drive norovirus transmission during outbreaks in hospitals?
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of spatial proximity, defined as patients sharing bays, in the spread of norovirus during outbreaks in hospitals. DESIGN Enhanced surveillance of norovirus outbreaks between November 2009 and November 2011. METHODS Data were gathered during 149 outbreaks of norovirus in hospital wards from five hospitals in two major cities in England serving a population of two...
متن کاملNorovirus transmission dynamics: a modelling review
Norovirus is one of the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and responsible for substantial morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. To further understanding of the epidemiology and control of norovirus, there has been much recent interest in describing the transmission dynamics of norovirus through mathematical models. In this study, we review the current modelling approaches f...
متن کاملA Review of Nanoparticles Toxicity and Their Routes of Exposures
The new scientific innovation of engineering nanoparticles (NPs) at the atomic scale (diameter<100nm) has led to numerous novel and useful wide applications in electronics, chemicals, environmental protection, medical imaging, disease diagnoses, drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy, etc.. The manufactures and consumers of the nanoparticles-related industrial products, however, a...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Epidemiology and Infection
سال: 2013
ISSN: 0950-2688,1469-4409
DOI: 10.1017/s095026881300006x